LAB 4:
YASMIN SYAFIKAH BT
RAZALI
(111435)
INTRODUCTION
Airborne microorganisms are usually carried on dust particles, although
some (fungal spores, for example ) may be carried directly by air current. It
is important for microbiologists to be aware of the potential for contamination
by airborne microorganisms. Carefully observation of simple precautions
dramatically reduces the risk of contamination of the cultures.
Every human is colonized by billions of microorganisms. These
microorganisms, some of hitch are vital to be our wellbeing, constitute our
resident or normal microflora. Resident microorganisms are nourished by the
chemicals and moisture excreted by human body. In moist areas such as the
armpits, there are may be one million bacteria per centimeter cube, on the
drier skin of forearm, there may be 10000 bacteria per centimeter cube.
Resident microorganisms are neither nonpathogenic or are prevented from
infecting the body by an array of mechanical and chemical defenses. Some
resident microbes are however opportunistic pathogens which may cause infection
if the body’s defenses are breached for example if the skin is broken.
Transient microorganisms are
picked up from our environment, for example from faecal contact or from soil
and usually fail to become permanent skin residents. One of the most important
reasons for failure to gain permanence is that the established residents are
better able to compete for nutrients. Since transient generally originate in
other environment, they are poorly adapted to conditions on the skin and
usually disappear within 24 hours of arrival.
Microorganisms in the upper
respiratory tract are either normal residents or transients. As with the skin,
the normal microflora largely consists of nonpathogens opportunistic
pathogens.Large numbers of transients enter the upper respiratory tract as we
breathe or eat. They may also come from our own hands or from improper
sanitation during food preparation. Regardless of their origin, most transients
are nonpathogenic and are quickly killed by various defenses arrayed against
them.
OBJECTIVE
To determine
the microorganisms in the air and from healthy human
RESULT
AIR
HANDS
EAR
NORMAL BREATHING
VIOLENT COUGHING
DISCUSSION
Microbes are found everywhere, but they are
mostly far too small to be seen by the naked eye. This activity allows students
to discover that microbes are found in a range of different habitats, to
explore the variety of microorganisms around us and to compare the range of
microorganisms that are found in different places. The air we breathe is teeming with more than
1,800 kinds of bacteria, including harmless relatives of microbes. The bacteria
that can be exist in the culture that is exposed to air is the Bacillus cereus.
Bacillus cereus causes two types of food
poisoning in humans including diarrhoeal syndrome and emetic syndrome. Food
poisoning results from its production of enterotoxins in the gastrointestinal
tract. Bacillus species are aerobic, sporulating, rod-shaped bacteria which are
ubiquitous in nature.
The wash water from our hand may contain Staphylococcus
aureus. S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections,
such as pimples,, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening
diseases such as pneumonia. S. aureus reproduces asexually by binary fission. S.
aureus can infect other tissues when barriers have been breached example skin
or mucosal lining. This leads to furuncles and carbuncles. In infants, S.
aureus infection can cause a severe disease such as staphylococcal scalded skin
syndrome. In our ears maybe contain bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis.
S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune
systems are often at risk for developing an infection. These infections can be
both nosocomial or community acquired, but they pose a greater threat to
hospital patients. This phenomenon may be the result of continuous use of
antibiotics and disinfectants within hospitals, leading to evolutionary
pressure toward more virulent strains of the organism. S. epidermidis causes
biofilms to grow on plastic devices placed within the body. Infection can also
occur in dialysis patients or anyone with an implanted plastic device that may
have been contaminated. Another disease it causes is endocarditis. This occurs
most often in patients with defective heart valves. In some other cases, sepsis
can occur in hospital patients.
Normal breathing may
contain bacteria named Streptococcus pneumonia because S. pneumonia is found
normally in the upper respiratory tract, including the throat and nasal
passages. S pneumoniae infection is also an important cause of sinusitis,
septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, and endocarditis and an
infrequent cause of other less-common diseases. S. pneumoniae is transmitted
directly from person to person through close contact via respiratory droplets.
The organism frequently colonizes the nasopharynx of healthy people,
particularly young children, without causing illness. Transmission is thought
to be common, but clinical illness occurs infrequently among casual contacts. If
we having violent coughing the bacteria that exist is Haemophilus influenza. H.
influenzae seems to occur in humans only. In infants and young children, H.
influenzae type b (Hib) causes bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial
meningitis. On occasion, it causes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, epiglottitis, and
infectious arthritis.
CONCLUSION
Merely walking into a
room can begin to stir up the microbial soup that fills it. One person can send about 37 million bacteria
into the air every hour, according to new research that measured microbes
suspended in a room when it was occupied and unoccupied. We are constantly
exposed to microorganisms. These microorganisms are classed as bacteria,
viruses, mould and fungi and are present around us all of the time, are part of
life's delicate balance and normally do not cause us harm. Airborne microbes
cause a lot of illnesses and diseases in humans.
Microorganisms can enter the air
when a human or animal sneezes, or by the wind picking up the light particles
and blowing them where humans are. When a human sneezes microorganisms leave
the lungs at around 200 miles per hour. Some of the microorganisms that are
growing in the mucus in the respiratory tract enter the air with the moisture
particles that are sneezed out of the lungs. These microorganisms can be
breathed into the lungs of another person and that person could get sick.
REFERENCES
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